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Terminal Voltage Equation:
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Terminal voltage (V_t) is the voltage measured across the terminals of a power source when current is flowing. It differs from the source voltage (V_s) due to the internal resistance of the source, following the equation V_t = V_s - I×R.
The calculator uses the terminal voltage equation:
Where:
Explanation: The equation calculates the actual voltage available at the terminals of a power source by subtracting the voltage drop across its internal resistance from the source voltage.
Details: Calculating terminal voltage is essential for designing electrical circuits, determining the actual power delivered to loads, and understanding the performance characteristics of batteries and power supplies under load conditions.
Tips: Enter source voltage in volts, current in amperes, and resistance in ohms. All values must be non-negative numbers.
Q1: What is the difference between source voltage and terminal voltage?
A: Source voltage is the theoretical maximum voltage of a power source, while terminal voltage is the actual voltage measured at the terminals when current is flowing, accounting for internal resistance.
Q2: When is terminal voltage equal to source voltage?
A: Terminal voltage equals source voltage only when no current is flowing (open circuit condition) or when the internal resistance is zero.
Q3: How does internal resistance affect terminal voltage?
A: Higher internal resistance causes greater voltage drop under load, resulting in lower terminal voltage when current flows.
Q4: Why does terminal voltage decrease as current increases?
A: As current increases, the voltage drop across the internal resistance (I×R) increases, reducing the terminal voltage available.
Q5: How is this concept applied in real-world applications?
A: Terminal voltage calculations are crucial for battery performance analysis, power supply design, and understanding voltage regulation in electrical systems.